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    Um Kalthum (c. 1898–1975)

    Famous Arabic singer, a dominant force in the Arab world for several decades, whose recordings are still widely listened to, and whose political influence in Egypt was critical after the Israeli-Egyptian war in 1967. Name variations: Um Kalthoum; Oum Kalsoum; Umm Kulthum; Umm Thulum; Star of the East.

    Born Fatma el-Zahraa Ibrahim in the delta village of Tamay al-Zahirah (or Tammay al-Zahayrah) probably in 1898 but possibly in 1900; died of a cerebral hemorrhage on February 3, 1975; daughter of poor peasants; had one brother; other siblings unknown; married Dr.

    Hassan el-Hifnawi (a prosperous skin specialist), in 1954.

    After World War I, went to Cairo and eventually gave public performances; took the stage name Um Kalthum, the name of one of the daughters of Mohammed; toured several Arabic countries (1932); gave the first broadcast for Radio Egypt (1934); awarded the highest decoration an Egyptian woman could receive, the Al-Kamal medal, from King Fa